Brussels, European Economic & Social Committee, 7 April 2025 [1]
1. Back to 2000-2002
As foresight researcher and president of The Destree Institute – The Wallonia Policy Lab, it is not possible for me to address the today issue without mentioning the personality of Commissioner Philippe Busquin. Firstly, because he was, through his communication of 18 January 2000 [2], the first and main architect of the European Research Area (ERA), an initiative full of hope and ambition.
Secondly, because Philippe Busquin, former member of the Wallonia government (1981-1985 and 1988), administrator of The Destree Institute from 1986 to 2010, has participated in the foresight dynamics of Wallonia towards the Future since 1987. This set of Foresight exercises has continued, with Professors Michel Quévit (1929-2021), Riccardo Petrella and a few other personalities, to highlight the importance of Research and Development in both a European and regional context. Thirdly, because the issue of foresight was at the heart of our interactions, including when he was European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science. When he – too soon – ceased to be so in 2004, he agreed to chair the Regional Foresight College of Wallonia, which he did help to found. This was not surprising for someone who had promoted a territorialisation of research policies.
In his mind, the question of foresight was closely linked to that of the European research landscape. And as he was setting up the European Research Area, he multiplied the initiatives to develop European foresight once again, not only at the level of the Commission, as Jacques Delors (1925-2023) and Jérôme Vignon had done, but also by activating it in the Member States and in the European regions.
For this reason, I have carefully preserved the speech that Philippe Busquin prepared for the Seville Conference of 13 May 2002 on The role of foresight in the selection of Research Policy priorities. The Commissioner’s text was entitled The Foresight Dimension of the European Research Area and seems to me particularly relevant today. In his speech, Philippe Busquin emphasised the importance of this moment in the history of European research:
Now is the time to bring our endeavours together, and to build a space for research and innovation equivalent of the « common market » for goods and services. We call such a structure the European Research Area, or ERA, for short. (…) exploiting all the synergies of research and innovation policies, at regional, national and EU levels [3].
Experts’ hearing – EESC – April 7, 2025
The Commissioner then affirmed a vision for the future of Europe, with goals that were not only his own, those of his Cabinet, his Administration, not only those of the Commission, but which had just been approved by the fifteen Heads of State or Government meeting in Lisbon on 24 March 2000, calling in particular for the creation of a European research and innovation area [4].
In their minds, this future Europe would be one in which the fragmentation of research, the obstacles to innovation and the circulation of knowledge would have been overcome. A Europe in which the Member States, including the enlargement countries, should have gone beyond current collaborative research work and in order to share their R&D capacities in certain areas of excellence. A Europe in which Member States was going to launch joint research programmes in certain scientific fields. A Europe in which better coordination of regional and national research activities would be standard practice and form part of the acquis communautaire. In short, they said, an enlarged European Union capable of equipping itself with the means to compete, better than it did then, with other leading economies such as the United States and – at that moment -Japan.
In his Seville speech, Philippe Busquin observed that the ERA is a joint effort by the Member States and the Union, an effort necessary to strengthen collaboration, interaction and coherence between research policies in Europe. In promoting the ‘open method of coordination’ in the field of research and innovation policies, the Commissioner Busquin also emphasised the importance of foresight to inform debates and the horizon concerning the future evolution of these policies. At the same time, Philippe Busquin turned the argument around, saying that the ‘open coordination’ method is an interesting approach for promoting a true European space for foresight, calling for the establishment of a platform for the community of practitioners and users of foresight in order to exchange knowledge and experiences at the European level. Several initiatives were to be taken in this direction and some are continuing and have been mentioned in the recent work of the Mutual Foresight Exercise within the framework of Horizon [5].
2. Since the establishment of the ERA
Over the last twenty-five years, there has been no lack of efforts to establish a European research landscape that can increase the Union’s capacity for innovation and strengthen its competitiveness: attempts to create a genuine internal market for research and the movement of players, greater cross-border cooperation, improvement and attempts at coordination of national research policies and systems around the concept of excellence, attempts to create critical masses in terms of infrastructure to achieve economies of scale, better allocation of resources and reduction of negative externalities linked to insufficient mobility of factors and poor information for players [6]. In 2009, the realisation of the ERA became an explicit objective of the treaty, in accordance with Article 179 TFEU (ex. Article 163 TEC).
- The Union shall have the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological basis by achieving a European research area in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely, and encouraging it to become more competitive, including in its industry, while promoting all the research activities deemed necessary by virtue of other Chapters of the Treaties.
- For this purpose the Union shall, throughout the Union, encourage undertakings, including small and medium-sized undertakings, research centres and universities in their research and technological development activities of high quality; it shall support their efforts to cooperate with one another, aiming, notably, at permitting researchers to cooperate freely across borders and at enabling undertakings to exploit the internal market potential to the full, in particular through the opening-up of national public contracts, the definition of common standards and the removal of legal and fiscal obstacles to that cooperation.
- All Union activities under the Treaties in the area of research and technological development, including demonstration projects, shall be decided on and implemented in accordance with the provisions of this Title [7].
However, this reaffirmation, important as it was, did not hide the weaknesses of European research or the fact that, after the initial enthusiasm and the condemnation of the performance gap with the United States and Japan, the objective of setting up the ERA had not been achieved by 2010 as targeted ten years earlier, nor the realisation of the 3% of GDP ratio devoted to research desired by the Commission since the Barcelona Summit of 15 and 16 March 2002 [8].
These objectives were not achieved ten years later either, since the Commission observed at the end of 2020 that EU investment in research and development (R&D) stands at 2.19% of GDP (2018), which is still far from its 3% target. Public investment in R&D has been stagnating since 2010. Investment in R&D by EU companies (1.45% of GDP) remains well below that of our main competitors. In South Korea, it stands at 3.64%, in Japan at 2.59%, in the United States at 2.05% and in China at 1.69%. [9]
The same weaknesses were observed in the European participation in the framework programme, in the transfer of research and innovation results to the economy, in the number of scientific publications compared to its global competitors, in the field of equality between women and men.
As noted by the European Council on 26 November 2021, the implementation of the ERA has contributed to major achievements in the areas of research infrastructure, open science, transnational and international cooperation, gender balance in R&I, joint programming, research careers and researcher mobility. Nevertheless, while two decades of effort have brought about this progress and some structural reforms, we had to witness a slowdown in investment in R&I at EU level, requiring a reversal of the trend. According to the Council, this can be achieved firstly through greater protection of European R&I values based on ethics, integrity, scientific freedom, gender equality, inclusion and the fight against discrimination. Secondly, by working better – free movement, the pursuit of excellence, value creation and increased economic and societal impact. Finally, by working together: better coordination of national and regional policies, collaboration with other regions of the world with respect for values, support for less performing regions and societal responsibility to strengthen trust in science.
It is on this basis that the Council, inspired by the Commission communication of 30 September 2020 [10] has determined priorities for joint action and implementation: open science, research infrastructures, green and digital transitions, synergies with education and sectoral and industrial policies, etc. [11].
The Commission Communication of 22 October 2024 on the implementation of the ERA has once again highlighted persistent problems such as disparities in RDI performance between Member States, insufficient levels of private and public investment, dispersed regulatory frameworks, weak support for technology transfer as well as fragmentation of research and technology infrastructures. In conclusion, the communication emphasises the need for stronger governance. To address systemic challenges, future legislative initiatives, such as an ERA law, would complement the ERA policy agenda and could address issues of harmonisation and obstacles to the implementation of EU policies. They would support the voluntary coordination and cooperation measures in order to reduce the fragmentation of R&I policies and systems within the Union [12].
Once again, on 28 February 2025, the European Commission prepared a proposal for a recommendation on the ERA policy agenda for the Council. The Commission reaffirmed that investment in R&D in the Union does not meet the expectations and remains below the investment level of its global competitors, with only around 2.3% of GDP being devoted to R&D. To address this challenge, the Commission is calling for coordinated action to stimulate public and private investment, as well as new reforms to improve the efficiency of national research and development systems [13].
3. The global order is changing
This latest proposal for a recommendation from the Commission to the Council on the European Research Area policy agenda 2025-2027 is also interesting, as it keenly observes the current situation, describing a European Union facing multiple and unprecedented challenges.
The global order is changing and the foundations of our societal well-being and security are being shaken by a turbulent geopolitical context, rising economic competition, an unprecedently rapid and transformative technological revolution, and climate change and its consequences. The need to strengthen European leadership and strategic autonomy in key technological domains has become urgent. In this context, science, technology and innovation are crucial to reduce Europe’s vulnerabilities and to unlock its full potential. In addition, research and innovation (R&I) play a critical role in enhancing the European Union’s sustainable competitiveness [14].
This awareness of the current moment, even its dramatisation, is particularly welcome. Indeed, there is no doubt for the futurist that the present moment may constitute a bifurcation, that is to say a moment on the trajectory of the Union – in particular of the European Research Area – when different, maybe challenging policies can be appropriate to secure the futures’ evolution. Admittedly, in an exploratory manner, the fact that the global order is changing is a hypothesis that will only be verified in the long term. Nevertheless, the present moment and the multiple signals being sent to us urge us to open up alternative and proactive trajectories.
The first trajectory consists in deepening the strategy implemented since 2000.
3.1. Deepening the strategy implemented since 2000
We know that the numerous proposals from the Commission and the Council, and even from many stakeholders, are part of the deepening of the strategy in place, with relative success – as we have seen – since 2000.
These measures are certainly welcome and we can definitely encourage them.
- It is indeed established that the current fragmentation of European research hampers the competitiveness of the Union and its enterprises and undermines the efficiency of European researchers. Cooperating around a common and global approach to research and innovation is vital to meet the challenges ahead. Cross-border networking of our knowledge and expertise of excellence with our innovation and industrial ecosystems would be a powerful lever for deploying innovation and supporting productivity growth.
- A fifth freedom of movement, as recommended by Enrico Letta, can – without doubt -facilitate the mobility of researchers and the interconnection of infrastructure and knowledge at the European level. As he himself indicates, taking the example of the programme Marie Skłodowska-Curie : this enriches Europe’s research landscape, promotes knowledge exchange, and is key to achieving a truly integrated European Research Area. Retaining talents is critical for Europe’s economic resilience, innovation capacity, strategic independence, and societal welfare and should be one of the most urgent priorities [15].
- A stronger overall vision and greater unity within the European R&I policy community are needed to initiate effective transformation policies. A joint approach between the EU and the national and regional levels must be developed in order to avoid duplication of effort, promote effective synergies and strengthen interconnections between regional innovation ecosystems.
- Ambition must be up to the task: it is crucial to achieve the objective, set 23 years ago, of investing 3% of the European Union’s GDP in R&I, in private and public funding.
- Access to data is a major driver of innovation in the near future. While preventing inappropriate use of European data, both inside and outside the Union, it is essential to guarantee simple and rapid access to data for our researchers and innovative companies.
- As scientific freedom is at the heart of the European project, it is essential to preserve and defend it. It is an important factor in attracting researchers from all over the world and an opportunity to attract talent – particularly in STEM subjects [16] – that we need for the full development of our R&I ecosystem. While some major powers seek to interfere with the independence of R&I, the Union must guarantee a framework conducive to free and open science.
- Open science policies provide easier access to cutting-edge research, without legal or economic barriers.The Global Approach to Research and Innovationprovides a strategic framework for preserving openness in international cooperation in research and innovation, for promoting fair competition and reciprocity based on fundamental values, for strengthening bilateral and multilateral partnerships in order to provide new solutions to challenges related to ecology, digital technology, health and innovation [17].
- The success of the next framework programme will depend on its ability to combine budgetary ambition with capacity for impact. It will need to maintain an approach based on excellence, while improving synergies between the various European and national instruments, and aligning strategies and funding to avoid dispersion and maximise the impact of investments.
- R&I can have a more concrete impact on the economy and society if the hubs of excellence are linked to market needs and if the synergies between the framework programme and other funding (e.g.Clean Industrial Dealand Innovation Fund) are improved.
- Smart specialisation strategies and European partnerships must be better exploited to ensure effective coordination between the regional, national and European levels.However relevant they may be, these proposals are fundamentally in line with the trajectory implemented over the last twenty-five years.
So we can ask ourselves about recommendations that would be more of a break with the past.
3.2. Proposals for disruption ?
Proposals that could be described as disruptive commensurate with the challenges of a real global change highlighted by the Commission in its 28 February 2025 proposal to the Council, appear in the Working Document of 7 April 2025 by the rapporteurs of the European Economic and Social Committee, Paul Ruübig and Stefano Palmieri. I am highlighting them here because I believe these proposals to be relevant and the time is certainly right (kairos) to consider more impactful actions such as regulation or structural incentives, as mentioned in the note (2.4).
- The introduction and recognition of European qualifications (for example a European diploma) would, without a doubt, facilitate the implementation of the fifth freedom in education. (3.3)
- The security issues of R&I, particularly in the sensitive sectors of defence and medicine, require an intensified control of the digital infrastructure, the preservation of data quality and security by taking into account developments in AI linked to the risks of propaganda in present and future geopolitical contexts. (3.5)
- The threats posed by our own allies to the very security of Europe and its borders obviously make it difficult to grasp the question of the balance between strengthening security through the internationalisation of R&I and the need to maintain international openness beyond the limits of the Union. This balance will indeed be determined by the geopolitical changes and potential hybrid threats referred to in point 3.7.
- The target expenditure of 3+1% for R&D, including 1% devoted to defence and dual-use research, represents an indispensable measure in the evolution of the geopolitical landscape and the need for the European Union to ensure its technological and strategic sovereignty. We are conscious of the difficulty of getting it approved, and the moment seems favourable as well (4.2)
- The creation of an Industrial Research Council, strengthening the voice of those involved in applied research while aligning their visions and ambitions to reinforce the industrial capacities of the Union, will certainly be a significant step forward (4.4).
- Finally, it is clear that strategic and operational foresight must be mobilised for the benefit of the European Research Area, in order to identify the risks and opportunities that weigh upon it, but also and above all to consider the various desirable developments in the European Research landscape as well as the existing alternatives. The commitment of citizens is fundamental, not only to mobilise their skills in a Citizen Science approach, but also to make them increasingly aware of the need to invest in research to promote innovation and strengthen Europe’s scientific capacities.
Finally, I’d like to present three recommendations outside the scope.
3.3. Three recommendations outside the scope
Beyond these ten recommendations relating to the basic trajectory and the six that I wanted to highlight in the proposals of the European Economic and Social Council, there are three that I would like to formulate that fall under the heading of unconventional ideas, avoiding the use of the word revolutionary as mentioned in point 4.15.
- The first concerns research infrastructure. Beyond the importance of the networks, their nodes, hubs and facilitators mentioned in the various documents, I consider that it is essential to get back to work on setting up world-class research centres proudly flying the flag for Europe. At the beginning of the ERA, there was no fear in putting forward the idea of a European MIT – that is to say, with considerably more resources than those allocated to the EIT.
- Among these infrastructures, geopolitical circumstances should push us to strengthen the resources of the European Defence Agency, created twenty years ago (2004), in order to support and develop European cooperation in this area. This would involve increasing its research and development capacities based on the adapted model of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the well-known DARPA. This means increasing European Defense Agency budget from around 35 million euros (2022) to more than 3 billion euros. The effects of DARPA on the entire research ecosystem and also on industry in the United States are well known. As mentioned above, this is also a question of European sovereignty.
- The third idea concerns the complexity of the research system and is inspired by the tensions clearly highlighted in point 4.18 of the Committee’s working document. Resolving these tensions, or at least clarifying them, certainly requires the opening of a difficult but essential project to determine the conditions for a balance between these issues (cohesion vs excellence, openness vs strategic autonomy, intellectual property protection vs open science, speed vs regulatory/ethical oversight, private ownership vs European public good). None of these equations can be easily solved but they must absolutely be part of a renewed vision of the European research landscape and horizons. Foresight is a reliable method for tackling these goals.
Conclusion : the Responsible Research & Innovation (RRI)
We are witnessing a time of tension, provocation and major transformations of all kinds, primarily climatic and definitely of global awareness all profoundly affecting the world. However, what is most striking globally in the official decisions and documents defining the policies of the European Research Area is the constant reference to the panoply of values that drive the European project : liberty, ethics, integrity, scientific freedom, gender equality, inclusion and the fight against discrimination.
This is how I personally have remained attached to this concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), seeing it like the Commission civil-servant René Schomberg, as a transparent and interactive process by which society actors and innovators respond to each other with a view to the ethical acceptability, sustainability and societal desirability of the innovation process and its marketable products [18].
In line with the democratic governance that we particularly value here in this European Economic and Social Committee, the quality of our work as European researcher is founded on partnership-based information tools, the exchange of best practices, social dialogue, local deliberation and stakeholders’ participation.
Rest assured that European values are the strength and energy that will drive the performance of our Responsible Research & Innovation.
Thank you.
Philippe Destatte
@PhD2050
[1] This text constitutes the paper presented during my hearing at the European Economic and Social Council (Single Market, Production and Consumption Section) as Foresight expert and President of The Destree Institute – The Wallonia Policy Lab, concerning The Era Act unlocking the fifth freedom, 7 April 2025. It was mainly a question of responding to Working Document INT/1082 D/3/2025 The Era Act: unlocking the fifth freedom, Rapporteur: Paul RUÜBIG, Co-rapporteur: Stefano PALMIERI, 9 p.
[2] Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Towards a European research area, COM/2000/0006 final – January 18, 2000. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0006 – Enric BANDA, Implementing the European Research Area, in Science, Vol. 295, p. 443, 18 January 2002.
[3] Philippe BUSQUIN, The Foresight Dimension of the European Research Area, Draft Speech for the conference The role of foresight in the selection of Research Policy Priorities, Seville, Joint Research Centre, 13th May 2002, 8 p. – See also: Ph. BUSQUIN, La prospective dans la dimension régionale de l’Espace européen de la Recherche (28 septembre 2002) , in Ph. DESTATTE & P. VAN DOREN dir., La prospective territoriale comme outil de gouvernance, Territorial Foresight as a Tool of Governance, p. 21-29, Charleroi, Institut Destrée, 2003.
[4] Lisbon European Council, 23 and 24 March 2000, Presidency Conclusions, European Parliament.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
[5] Ph. DESTATTE, Citizens’ Engagement Approaches and Methods in R&I Foresight, Brussels, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Horizon Europe Policy Support Facility, 2023. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d5916d5f-1562-11ee-806b-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-288573394 – Jennifer CASSINGENA HARPER, Cornelia DAHEIM, Ph. DESTATTE, Paulo SOEIRO de CARVALHO and Michal PAZOUR, R&I Foresight in Governement: A Handbook for Policymakers, European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, 2023. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/875850ec-68c2-11ee-9220-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-294434546
[6] Michel ANDRE, L’Espace européen de la Recherche, Histoire d’une idée, in Journal of European Integration History, 2006, vol. 12, n°2, p. 131-150. – Philippe BUSQUIN & François LOUIS, Le déclin de l’empire scientifique européen, Comment enrayer la chute, p. 33sv & 91-94, Bruxelles, Luc Pire, 2005. – Barbara HOENIG, Europe’s New Scientific Elite, Social Mechanisms of Science in the European Research Area, p. 108-109, London & New York, Routledge, 2017.
[7] Article 179, Official Journal of the European Union, C 202/128, June 7, 2026.
http://data.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2016/art_179/oj
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12016E179
[8] In order to close the gap between the EU and its major competitors, there must be a significant boost of the overall R&D and innovation effort in the Union, with a particular emphasis on frontier technologies. The European Council therefore: − agrees that overall spending on R&D and innovation in the Union should be increased with the aim of approaching 3% of GDP by 2010. Two-thirds of this new investment should come from the private sector; (…) Presidency Conclusions, Barcelona European Council, 15 and 16 March 2002, SN 100/1/02 REV 1.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/69871.pdf
[9] A new ERA for Research and Innovation, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 30 September 2020, COM(2020) 628 final, SWD(2020) 214 (final), p. 1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0628
[10] A new ERA for Research and Innovation, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 30 September 2020, COM(2020) 628 final, SWD(2020) 214 (final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0628 – Un nouvel EER pour la recherche et l’innovation, Communication de la Commission au Parlement européen, au Conseil, au Comité économique et social européen et au Comité des Régions du 30 septembre 2020. (SWD(2020) 214 final.) COM(2020) 628 final.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0628
The Commission has identified four objectives: 1.prioritise investments and reforms in research and innovation to support the digital and green transitions and Europe’s recovery; 2. improving access to excellent research and innovation for researchers across the EU; 3. translating results into the economy to ensure market uptake of research results and Europe’s competitive leadership in technology; 4. advancing the free movement of knowledge, researchers and technology by strengthening cooperation with EU countries.
[11] Recommandations (UE) 2021/2122 du Conseil du 26 novembre 2021 sur un pacte pour la recherche et l’innovation en Europe, 2 décembre 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021H2122
[12] Communication of the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Implementation of the European Research Area (ERA), Strengthening Europe’s Research and Innovation: The ERA’s Journey and Future Directions, Strasbourg, European Commission, 22 October 2024, COM (2024) 490 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0490
[13] Proposal for a Council Recommendation on the European Research Area Policy Agenda 2025-2027, (Text with EEA relevance), p. 11, Brussels, European Commission, 28 February 2025, COM (2025) 62 final, 2025/0034 (NLE) https://european-research-area.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025-02/COM_2025_62_F1_PROPOSAL_FOR_A_RECOMMENDATION_EN_V5_P1_3951028.PDF
[14] Proposal for a Council Recommendation on the European Research Area Policy Agenda 2025-2027…, p. 6.
[15] Enrico LETTA, Much more than a market, Speed, security, solidarity, Empowering the Single Market to deliver a sustainable future and prosperity for all EU Citizens, p. 21, April 2024. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/ny3j24sm/much-more-than-a-market-report-by-enrico-letta.pdf
[16] Joint Statement by the European Science and Innovation Policy Councils on « The Importance of European and national policies to attract non-European STEM-talent to Europe, 29 May 2024. https://www.vario.be/en/advisory-reports/joint-statement-of-european-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-council
[17] Global Approach to Research and Innovation, Strategy, principles, governance and related documents, European Commission, 2021.
[18] Responsible Research and Innovation is a transparent, interactive process by which societal actors and innovators become mutually responsive to each other with a view to the (ethical) acceptability, sustainability and societal desirability of the innovation process and its marketable products. René von SCHOMBERG, A vision of responsible research and innovation, in Richard OWEN, John BESSANT and Maggy HEINTZ ed., Responsible Innovation. Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society, p. 51-74, Hoboken NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2013. – Mirjam BURGET, Emanuele BARDONE, Margus PEDASTE, Definitions and conceptual dimensions of responsible research and innovation: a literature review, in Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 23 (1), 2017, p. 1–19. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11948-016-9782-1 – Robert GIANNI, John PEARSON and Bernard REBER, Responsible Research and Innovation, From concepts to practices, Routledge Studies in Innovation, Organizations and Technology, Routledge, 2020. – Anne LOEBER, Michael J. BERNSTEIN & Mika NIEMINEN, Implementing Responsible Research and Innovation: From New Public Management to New Public Governance, in Vincent BLOK eds, Putting Responsible Research and Innovation into Practice, Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy, vol 40, Champ, Springer, 2023.


















